100 Nursing Research Topics for 2026
100 Nursing Research Topics for 2026 (Australia, UK, NZ, Canada & Ireland)
Regulator documents checked: NMBA (Australia), NMC (UK), Nursing Council of New Zealand, Canadian Nurses Association, NMBI (Ireland), as at 2 November 2026.
Choosing a topic is the hardest part of many nursing assignments, and the first question students ask is usually “what should I write about?” This guide gives you 100 nursing research topics for 2026, grouped into ten themes, that you can use for essays, nursing case studies, care plans, dissertations and capstone projects in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada and Ireland.
Nursing practice is facing new challenges, from AI-assisted clinical decisions and international workforce shortages to culturally safe care and rising patient complexity. A topic that addresses a specific clinical problem lets you move beyond general discussion and investigate a question with practical value. The standards your marker uses are also moving: three national nursing codes and standards changed in 2025, and this guide reflects the current versions.
Already have a topic? If you need support turning it into a finished assignment, read our guide to nursing assignment help online.
Key takeaways
• This guide offers 100 nursing research topics in ten themes. Each topic was chosen for a clearly defined population, a measurable outcome and the likelihood that recent peer-reviewed evidence exists.
• A strong research topic names a population, an intervention or issue, a comparison and a measurable outcome (PICO) and has recent peer-reviewed evidence behind it.
• The WHO estimates a global nursing shortage of 5.8 million in 2023, projected to fall to 4.1 million by 2030, which makes workforce, retention and safety topics strong choices in 2026.
• Three national nursing standards changed in 2025: New Zealand’s standards of competence (1 April), Ireland’s Code (14 February) and Canada’s Code of Ethics (released 14 July). Citing the old versions is a common way to lose marks.
• The wording of a topic points to a study design: “The Effectiveness of…” fits effectiveness designs, “Nurses’ Experiences of…” fits qualitative designs and “The Relationship Between…” fits correlational designs.
In this guide
• 100 nursing research topics for 2026
• How to turn a topic into a researchable question (PICO)
• Why these topics matter in 2026: the workforce context
• What changed in 2025: regulator updates
• Next step: from topic to assignment
• Frequently asked questions
100 Nursing Research Topics to Explore in 2026
The following 100 nursing research topics cover emerging issues, overlooked patient needs and real-world challenges in nursing education and healthcare delivery. They work as starting points for focused academic research, whether you are writing an essay, a nursing case study, a dissertation or a capstone project. Each category starts with a link to an authoritative source, and each topic is numbered so you can reference it.
1. International Nurse Adaptation and Workforce Integration
International nurse adaptation and workforce integration explore the challenges nurses face when adjusting to unfamiliar healthcare systems and clinical environments. These topics focus on cultural adjustment, communication barriers, clinical confidence, mentorship and workplace inclusion. They also examine strategies to support professional development, improve retention and strengthen nursing practice.
Start here: WHO State of the World’s Nursing 2025 (migration and workforce); NMBA March 2025 newsletter (updated English language skills standard).
• 1. Transition Shock Among International Nursing Students During Their First Clinical Placements: Experiences, Contributing Factors and Support Needs
• 2. The Impact of Accent-Related Communication Barriers on Clinical Handover Confidence Among Internationally Educated Nurses
• 3. Peer-Led Versus Educator-Led Mentorship in Improving Clinical Confidence Among International Nursing Students
• 4. The Effectiveness of SBAR Communication Training in Improving Clinical Handover Accuracy Among Nursing Students for Whom English Is an Additional Language
• 5. Barriers to Professional Belonging Among Internationally Educated Nurses During Their First Year of Hospital Employment
• 6. The Effectiveness of Transition-to-Practice Programmes in Improving Confidence Among Internationally Educated Nurses
• 7. The Impact of Workplace Discrimination on Job Satisfaction and Retention Intentions Among Internationally Recruited Nurses
• 8. The Role of Clinical Supervisors in Supporting International Nursing Students Experiencing Communication Difficulties During Placements
• 9. The Relationship Between Professional Acculturation, Clinical Competence and Intention to Remain in Nursing Among Internationally Educated Nurses
2. Cultural Competence, Cultural Safety and Health Equity
Cultural competence and health equity focus on providing respectful, inclusive and patient-centred nursing care to people from diverse backgrounds. These topics explore cultural safety, implicit bias, language barriers, healthcare accessibility and disparities in patient outcomes. They also examine how culturally responsive nursing interventions can improve patient trust, communication and quality of care.
Start here: NMBA RN standards (cultural safety definition); Nursing Council of New Zealand (Te Tiriti and cultural safety pou).
• 10. The Impact of Culturally Safe Nursing Care on Healthcare Experiences Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Patients in Australia
• 11. The Effectiveness of Cultural Humility Training in Improving Nursing Students’ Preparedness to Care for Diverse Populations
• 12. Barriers to Postpartum Depression Screening Among Migrant and Refugee Women in Public Healthcare Systems
• 13. The Impact of Professional Interpreter Services on Informed Consent and Patient Understanding Among People With Limited English Proficiency
• 14. Cultural Differences in Family Involvement and Shared Decision-Making During End-of-Life Nursing Care
• 15. The Effectiveness of Culturally Adapted Health Education in Improving Chronic Disease Self-Management Among Culturally Diverse Patients
• 16. Nurses’ Experiences of Addressing Religious and Cultural Preferences During Palliative Care
• 17. The Relationship Between Perceived Racial Discrimination in Healthcare and Patient Trust in Nursing Professionals
• 18. Barriers to Accessing Community Mental Health Nursing Services Among Refugees and Recently Resettled Migrants
• 19. The Impact of Socioeconomic Disadvantage on Access to Community Nursing Services Among Underserved Populations
3. Artificial Intelligence, Digital Health and Nursing Technology
Artificial intelligence and digital health are creating new opportunities to improve nursing education, clinical decision-making and patient care. These topics examine AI-assisted clinical assessments, telehealth, electronic health records, virtual simulation and ethical concerns surrounding healthcare technology. They also explore how nurses can use digital tools safely while maintaining professional judgement and patient confidentiality.
Start here: WHO, Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health (2021), at who.int.
• 20. The Impact of AI-Assisted Clinical Decision Support on Nurses’ Recognition of Patient Deterioration
• 21. Nurses’ Trust in AI-Assisted Clinical Recommendations and Its Relationship With Perceived Patient Safety
• 22. Ethical Challenges Associated With AI-Generated Recommendations in Electronic Health Records
• 23. The Impact of Generative AI on Clinical Reasoning and Independent Decision-Making Among Nursing Students
• 24. The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Compared With High-Fidelity Simulation in Improving Clinical Judgement Among Nursing Students
• 25. The Role of Community Nurses in Improving Digital Health Literacy Among Older Adults
• 26. Barriers to Telehealth Access Among Older Adults in Rural and Remote Communities
• 27. The Impact of Electronic Health Record Usability on Nursing Documentation Time and Direct Patient Care
• 28. The Effectiveness of Remote Patient Monitoring in Supporting Self-Management Among Adults With Heart Failure
• 29. Nurses’ Experiences of Using AI-Based Early Warning Systems to Identify Patients at Risk of Clinical Deterioration
4. Patient Safety and Quality Improvement
Patient safety and quality improvement focus on reducing preventable harm and strengthening the effectiveness of nursing care. These topics examine medication errors, inpatient falls, clinical handovers, early detection of deterioration and hospital-acquired infections. They also investigate evidence-based nursing interventions that improve patient outcomes, continuity of care and healthcare quality.
Start here: WHO Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021–2030; NSQHS Standards; NEWS2.
• 30. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Interventions in Reducing Inpatient Falls Among Older Adults
• 31. The Relationship Between Nurse-to-Patient Staffing Ratios and Medication Errors in Acute Care Hospitals
• 32. The Impact of Bedside Shift Handover on Patient Participation and Continuity of Nursing Care
• 33. The Effectiveness of Structured Nursing Assessment in Identifying Early Clinical Deterioration
• 34. The Impact of Nursing Workload and Missed Nursing Care on Preventable Patient Complications
• 35. The Effectiveness of Standardised Patient Identification Protocols in Preventing Medication Administration Errors
• 36. The Impact of Nurse-Led Discharge Education on Unplanned Hospital Readmissions Within 30 Days
• 37. The Effectiveness of Early Warning Scores in Supporting Nurse Recognition and Escalation of Deteriorating Patients
• 38. The Impact of a Speaking-Up Culture on Near-Miss Reporting and Patient Safety in Hospital Nursing Teams
• 39. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Pressure Injury Prevention Bundles in Reducing Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries
5. Nursing Workforce, Burnout and Professional Wellbeing
Nursing workforce research examines the factors that influence nurses’ mental wellbeing, job satisfaction, performance and professional retention. These topics cover burnout, staffing shortages, workplace violence, shift-related fatigue, moral distress and leadership support. They also explore practical strategies for creating healthier working environments and maintaining safe, sustainable nursing services.
Start here: WHO State of the World’s Nursing 2025.
• 40. The Relationship Between Nurse Burnout, Staffing Adequacy and Patient Safety Incidents in Acute Care Hospitals
• 41. The Impact of Rotating Night Shifts on Sleep Quality, Fatigue and Clinical Decision-Making Among Registered Nurses
• 42. The Effectiveness of Structured Mentorship Programmes in Improving Retention Among Newly Qualified Nurses
• 43. The Relationship Between Workplace Incivility, Psychological Safety and Nurses’ Intention to Leave
• 44. The Impact of Mandatory Overtime on Nursing Performance, Medication Errors and Quality of Care
• 45. The Effectiveness of Resilience and Stress-Management Programmes in Reducing Emotional Exhaustion Among Intensive Care Nurses
• 46. The Impact of Moral Distress on Job Satisfaction and Retention Among Newly Qualified Nurses Providing End-of-Life Care
• 47. The Relationship Between Emergency Department Staffing Levels and Missed Nursing Care
• 48. The Effectiveness of Flexible Scheduling and Supportive Leadership in Improving Nurses’ Work-Life Balance
• 49. The Impact of Workplace Violence Prevention Programmes on Nurses’ Perceived Safety and Intention to Remain in the Profession
6. Mental Health and Psychological Nursing
Mental health nursing focuses on supporting patients experiencing psychological distress, psychiatric conditions and emotional challenges. These topics explore therapeutic communication, anxiety management, suicide prevention, trauma-informed care, treatment adherence and family involvement. They also examine how nurses can improve access to mental health services and deliver compassionate, evidence-based psychological support.
Start here: the NICE guidance library (filter by mental health); the CNA Code of Ethics.
• 50. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Cognitive Behavioural Interventions in Reducing Anxiety Among Patients Awaiting Elective Surgery
• 51. The Impact of Therapeutic Communication on Anxiety and Emotional Distress Among Patients Receiving Cancer Treatment
• 52. The Effectiveness of Suicide Risk Screening and Structured Safety Planning in Emergency Department Nursing
• 53. The Impact of Trauma-Informed Nursing Care on Patient Engagement and Perceived Safety in Mental Health Settings
• 54. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Psychoeducation in Improving Treatment Adherence Among Adults With Schizophrenia
• 55. Barriers to Accessing Community Mental Health Nursing Services Among Adults With Severe Mental Illness
• 56. The Effectiveness of Family-Inclusive Nursing Interventions in Supporting Recovery Among Patients With Serious Mental Health Conditions
• 57. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Nursing Interventions in Reducing Stress Among Adolescents Receiving Inpatient Mental Health Care
• 58. The Impact of Nurse-Led Brief Interventions on Alcohol Use Among Adults Presenting to Emergency Departments
7. Older Adults, Dementia and Long-Term Care
Older adult nursing research addresses the healthcare needs of ageing populations and people living with cognitive or functional impairments. These topics explore dementia care, delirium prevention, medication safety, fall prevention, hydration and maintaining independence. They also examine how person-centred nursing interventions can improve quality of life and support safer transitions between healthcare settings.
Start here: NICE delirium guideline CG103.
• 59. The Effectiveness of Multicomponent Nursing Interventions in Preventing Delirium Among Older Hospitalised Adults
• 60. The Impact of Person-Centred Dementia Care on Agitation and Quality of Life Among Long-Term Care Residents
• 61. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Medication Reviews in Reducing Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use Among Older Adults
• 62. The Impact of Structured Hydration Protocols on Dehydration Risk Among Older Residents in Aged-Care Facilities
• 63. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Mobility Programmes in Maintaining Functional Independence Among Hospitalised Older Adults
• 64. The Impact of Reminiscence-Based Nursing Interventions on Wellbeing Among People Living With Dementia
• 65. The Effectiveness of Caregiver Education in Reducing Stress Among Family Members Caring for People With Dementia
• 66. The Impact of Hearing and Vision Impairment on Communication, Falls Risk and Patient Participation Among Older Adults
• 67. The Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Nursing Interventions in Improving Sleep and Reducing Agitation Among People With Dementia
• 68. The Impact of Transitional Nursing Care on Hospital Readmissions Among Older Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions
8. Maternal, Neonatal and Women’s Health Nursing
Maternal and neonatal nursing research focuses on promoting the health and wellbeing of women, newborns and families throughout pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period. These topics cover breastfeeding support, antenatal education, postpartum depression, neonatal pain management and respectful maternity care. They also investigate barriers to healthcare access and strategies for improving maternal and newborn outcomes.
Start here: NICE antenatal care guideline NG201.
• 69. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Breastfeeding Support in Improving Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates During the First Six Months After Birth
• 70. The Impact of Antenatal Education on Birth Preparedness and Anxiety Among First-Time Pregnant Women
• 71. The Effectiveness of Postpartum Depression Screening and Referral Pathways in Identifying Women Who Need Support
• 72. The Impact of Nurse-Led Pain Management Interventions on Recovery Following Caesarean Birth
• 73. The Effectiveness of Skin-to-Skin Care in Supporting Temperature Regulation and Breastfeeding Among Clinically Stable Newborns
• 74. The Impact of Respectful Maternity Care on Women’s Satisfaction and Willingness to Use Maternity Services
• 75. Barriers to Accessing Antenatal Care Among Women From Migrant and Culturally Diverse Communities
• 76. The Effectiveness of Neonatal Pain Assessment Protocols in Improving Pain Management During Routine Procedures
• 77. The Impact of Nurse-Led Education on Recognition of Maternal Warning Signs After Hospital Discharge
• 78. The Effectiveness of Family-Centred Nursing Interventions in Reducing Parental Stress During Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission
9. Chronic Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Chronic disease, emergency and critical care nursing examine how nurses manage complex health conditions, urgent medical situations and patients requiring continuous monitoring. These topics include diabetes management, heart failure education, sepsis recognition, infection prevention and emergency response. They also explore nursing interventions that improve symptom control, treatment adherence, recovery and prevention of avoidable hospital admissions.
Start here: NICE sepsis guideline NG51; NEWS2.
• 79. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Self-Management Education in Improving Glycaemic Control Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
• 80. The Impact of Nurse-Led Heart Failure Education on Medication Adherence and Hospital Readmissions
• 81. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Blood Pressure Monitoring and Counselling in Improving Hypertension Control
• 82. The Impact of Structured Nursing Education on Inhaler Technique and Symptom Control Among Adults With Asthma or COPD
• 83. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Nutritional Counselling in Improving Treatment Adherence Among Patients Receiving Dialysis
• 84. The Impact of Early Nurse-Led Mobilisation on Functional Recovery Following Major Surgery
• 85. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Sepsis Screening and Escalation Protocols in Reducing Delays in Treatment
• 86. The Impact of Nurses’ Adherence to Urinary Catheter Care Protocols on Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
• 87. The Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training in Improving Nurses’ Response to In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
• 88. The Impact of Emergency Department Overcrowding on Nursing Workload and Delays in Patient Care
• 89. The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Wound Care Education in Improving Healing Outcomes Among Adults With Diabetic Foot Ulcers
10. Nursing Education, Country-Specific Practice, Ethics and Future Challenges
Nursing education, ethics and future healthcare challenges focus on developing clinical competence, professional accountability and readiness for changing healthcare environments. These topics explore clinical placements, simulation-based learning, medication calculation, interprofessional teamwork and ethical decision-making. They also examine emerging issues such as climate-related health risks, workforce retention and the responsible integration of new technologies into nursing practice.
Start here: the NMC Future Nurse standards; the NMBA RN standards; the CNA Code of Ethics.
• 90. The Impact of Clinical Placement Supervision on Confidence and Readiness for Practice Among Final-Year Nursing Students
• 91. The Relationship Between Academic Stress, Sleep Quality and Clinical Performance Among Undergraduate Nursing Students
• 92. The Effectiveness of Structured Debriefing After Simulation on Nursing Students’ Clinical Reasoning and Reflective Practice
• 93. The Impact of Incivility During Clinical Placements on Nursing Students’ Learning and Professional Confidence
• 94. The Effectiveness of Interprofessional Simulation in Improving Communication and Teamwork Among Nursing Students
• 95. The Impact of Medication Calculation Training on Accuracy and Confidence Among Student Nurses
• 96. (New Zealand) The Impact of Te Tiriti o Waitangi–Based Education on Nursing Students’ Ability to Deliver Equitable Care for Māori Patients in Aotearoa New Zealand
• 97. The Impact of Rural Clinical Placements on Nursing Students’ Intention to Work in Remote Communities
• 98. The Impact of Extreme Heat and Bushfire Smoke on Nursing Workload and Care Needs Among Vulnerable Patients
• 99. A Comparative Study of Nursing Workforce Retention Strategies and Their Relationship With Quality of Care
• 100. The Impact of Peer-Assisted Learning on Academic Performance and Confidence Among First-Year Nursing Students
Databases to search for any topic: CINAHL, PubMed, the Cochrane Library and JBI, accessed through your university library for full-text access.
How to Turn a Topic into a Researchable Question (PICO)
A topic becomes a question when you can name four things.
|
PICO element |
Question it answers |
Example |
|
Population |
Who? |
Adults discharged from acute medical wards |
|
Intervention or issue |
What is being done or examined? |
Nurse-led structured discharge education |
|
Comparison |
Compared with what? |
Standard discharge information |
|
Outcome |
How is it measured? |
Unplanned readmission within 30 days |
Resulting question: In adults discharged from acute medical wards, does nurse-led structured discharge education, compared with standard discharge information, reduce unplanned 30-day readmissions?
Starter search string for CINAHL or PubMed: (“discharge education” OR “discharge planning”) AND (nurse-led OR “nurse led”) AND (readmission* OR rehospitali*)
Match the question to a design
|
If you are asking… |
Typical design |
Appraisal tool |
|
Does it work? |
Randomised or quasi-experimental trial, systematic review |
|
|
What is it like? |
Qualitative study (interviews, thematic analysis) |
CASP qualitative checklist |
|
Are these linked? |
Cross-sectional or cohort study |
JBI checklists |
|
What does the evidence say overall? |
Systematic or integrative review, reported to PRISMA |
JBI or CASP review checklists |
Topics phrased as “The Effectiveness of…” fit effectiveness designs; “Nurses’ Experiences of…” fit qualitative designs; “The Relationship Between…” fit correlational designs.
Why These Topics Matter in 2026: The Workforce Context
The World Health Organization’s State of the World’s Nursing 2025 report, released on 12 May 2025 with data from all 194 member states, estimates that the global nursing workforce grew from 27.9 million in 2018 to 29.8 million in 2023. It also estimates that the global shortage fell from 6.2 million in 2020 to 5.8 million in 2023 and projects it will fall to 4.1 million by 2030. Progress is uneven: most of the shortage is concentrated in the African, Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia regions, and the WHO Collaborating Centre at the University of Technology Sydney notes that 78% of the world’s nurses serve just 49% of the global population. Sources: WHO news release, 12 May 2025 and UTS WHO Collaborating Centre.
Countries that recruit internationally educated nurses, including the five covered here, are where international nurse adaptation, burnout and retention research matter most. If your marker asks for “contemporary relevance”, this is evidence you can cite. For patient safety topics, the matching global framework is the WHO’s Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021–2030, adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2021.
What Changed in 2025: Regulator Updates Every Nursing Student Should Know
|
Country |
Regulator |
Document your marker uses |
What changed |
Date |
|
Australia |
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) |
Registered nurse standards for practice (seven standards); Code of conduct for nurses |
National Scheme definition of cultural safety adopted; earlier definition retired |
March 2025 |
|
United Kingdom |
Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) |
The Code (2018): prioritise people, practise effectively, preserve safety, promote professionalism and trust; Future Nurse standards of proficiency |
Cite the version currently on nmc.org.uk |
n/a |
|
New Zealand |
Nursing Council of New Zealand |
Standards of competence for registered nurses (six pou) |
New standards replace the previous competencies; Te Tiriti o Waitangi and cultural safety each have their own pou |
1 April 2025 |
|
Canada |
Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) |
Code of Ethics for Nurses |
2025 edition replaces the 2017 edition and covers all regulated nursing categories |
14 July 2025 |
|
Ireland |
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland (NMBI) |
Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics, incorporating the Scope of Practice and Professional Guidance |
Revised Code replaces the 2021 and 2014 editions |
14 February 2025 |
How to use this in an assignment. Cite the version in force when you write, name the year in your in-text citation, and if your unit guide was written before the update, follow your unit coordinator’s instruction on which version to apply.
How This Guide Was Built
This guide was prepared by the Value Assignment Help academic team. Regulator references were checked against the regulators’ own websites on 2 November 2026. Workforce figures come from the World Health Organization’s State of the World’s Nursing 2025 report. The 100 topics were selected for a clearly defined population, a measurable outcome and the likelihood that recent peer-reviewed evidence exists, and are grouped into ten themes.
Next Step: From Topic to Assignment
Picked a topic and need support turning it into a strong assignment? Our guide to nursing assignment help online explains how to get outlines, model answers for study, feedback on your draft, referencing checks and tutoring for essays, nursing case studies, care plans, reflective accounts and dissertations, whether you study in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada or Ireland.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I choose a good nursing research topic?
Choose a clear population, a specific intervention or issue, a comparison and a measurable outcome (PICO), then check that recent peer-reviewed evidence exists. A topic with no accessible evidence from the last five to seven years is a risky choice for a short assignment.
How do I turn a nursing topic into a researchable question?
Name the population, the intervention or issue, the comparison and the outcome, then write them as one question. The PICO section above shows a worked example and a starter search string for CINAHL or PubMed.
Which study design suits my nursing research topic?
It depends on your question. “Does it work?” questions suit trials or systematic reviews, “what is it like?” questions suit qualitative studies, and “are these linked?” questions suit cross-sectional or cohort studies. The PICO section includes a table that matches each question to a design and an appraisal tool.
Can I use these topics for a dissertation or capstone project?
Yes. The topics work as starting points for essays, nursing case studies, dissertations and capstone projects. Narrow the topic to your own population and setting, and agree the final wording with your supervisor or unit coordinator.
Which topics suit a nursing case study?
Topics 79 to 89 (chronic disease, emergency and critical care) are well suited to case study assignments, because each has a clear patient group, intervention and outcome.
What changed in nursing standards in 2025?
New Zealand’s Nursing Council introduced new standards of competence on 1 April 2025, Ireland’s NMBI Code took effect on 14 February 2025, and the Canadian Nurses Association released its 2025 Code of Ethics for Nurses on 14 July 2025. Australia’s NMBA also adopted a new cultural safety definition in March 2025.
References
• Canadian Nurses Association. (2025, July 14). CNA releases 2025 Code of Ethics for Nurses. https://www.cna-aiic.ca/en/blogs/cn-content/2025/07/14/cna-releases-revamped-coe-for-nurses
• Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Registered nurse standards for practice. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/codes-guidelines-statements/professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice
• Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2018, updated 2022). Code of conduct for nurses. https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards
• Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland. (2025). Code of professional conduct and ethics for registered nurses and registered midwives. https://www.nmbi.ie/Standards-Guidance/Code
• Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. https://www.nmc.org.uk/standards/code/
• Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2025, March). Updated EN and RN scopes of practice and new standards of competence. https://nursingcouncil.org.nz/NCNZ/News-section/news-item/2025/03/EN-and-RN-scopes-of-practice-and-new-standards-of-competence.aspx
• World Health Organization. (2021). Global patient safety action plan 2021–2030: Towards eliminating avoidable harm in health care. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240032705
• World Health Organization. (2025, May 12). Nursing workforce grows, but inequities threaten global health goals [News release]. https://www.who.int/news/item/11-05-2025-nursing-workforce-grows–but-inequities-threaten-global-health-goals
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